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Antipodean perspectives
of the World Association for Laser therapy (WALT) Conference, June 27-30,
Tokyo, Japan.
By Phil Gabel, Sports Physiotherapist
and Grad. Dip. Science by Research in laser therapy, Australia, and
Jan Tunér DDS, Sweden, .
The congress was held at Tsukuba, the second name of which is Science
City, because it is the location of many large research institutes and
more than 7000 scientists. Tsukuba is situated in the beautiful countryside
some 40 miles north of Tokyo by the foot of Mount Tsukuba. An express
bus took participants to Tsukuba directly from the Narita International
Airport on a scenic two-hour tour among rice fields and rural areas
in the Ibaraki prefecture. This biannual multidisciplinary conference
and meeting is the high point for researchers, users and theoreticians
interested in laser therapy. A total of some 350 delegates from approximately
30 countries were represented. The 4 day conference is a milestone in
that it gathers together the world’s leading researchers ad clinicians
in the various fields of laser therapy use and enables the most up to
date research and ideas to be presented and openly discussed. The congress
venue was spacious and the arrangements as well as the technical support
were excellent.
Best papers for the conference were given to researchers from Sao
Paulo in Brazil who demonstrated the positive effects of laser therapy
on bone healing and remodulation, and from Kagoshima in Japan who demonstrated
the in-vivo effect of laser therapy on human subjects with chronic pain.
This latter paper showed that linear polarized light, by improving the
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (RCBF) through the proposed action of changes
to the thalamic blood flow, in turn influences the RCGF and consequentially
reduces pain levels. This provides an alternative systemic pathway for
chronic pain modulation using light. References are as follows:
Renata A. Nicolau, Vanda Jorgetti, Josepa Rigau, Marcos T. T. Pacheco,
Renato A. Zangaro. "Effect of low power laser Ga-Al-As (660nm)
in the bone tissue remodulation in mice”
Takashi Gushiken, Yoshiaki Nakabeppu, Takashi Masuyama, Yukiko Yagi,
Kazumi Tobo, Isao Tsuneyoshi, Hiroshi Dohgomori, Yasuyuki Kakihana,
Yuichi Kanmura. “Effects of linear polarized infrared irradiation
therapy on the regional cerebral blood flow.”
Other significant papers from the conference were those from Belgium
on the interaction of laser therapy and pharmaceuticals; Russia on the
systemic effects of laser therapy on the blood; from Norway on the optimal
laser therapy dose for the management of osteoarthritis, tendon depth
for consideration of penetration and subsequent laser therapy dose as
well as a meta-analysis that demonstrates the positive effects of laser
therapy; from Brazil a furthering of the theoretical model of interaction
of laser therapy with high energy bonds that improves the understanding
of wavelength specificity and ATP biodisposability; and from Italy the
determination of the preferred wavelength for the management of fibromyositis.
Of further interest is that laser therapy is now becoming approved in
the USA by the FDA in specific circumstances, and that the US Dept.
of Defence continues to fund light research with investigations into
the healing properties of light to assist infield combat injuries for
healing and pain control, the specific emphasis on the 810-830 nm range.
From Europe new scientific evidence had led to the reversion of a rejection
of approval decision by DEKRA, which now opens for marketing Laser Therapy
equipment as medical devices within the European Community. In some
European countries like Norway and Switzerland achievements have been
made in terms of gaining reimbursement of Laser Therapy by Health Insurance
Authorities. Progress was also steady in South America and in the Middle
East, while the situation remains difficult in the North American, Australian
and African continents.
The next conference is to be held in 2004, this time in Sao Paulo, Brazil
with South Africa a candidate for 2006 and Australia for 2008.
Summary of the significant articles from
WALT 2002.
Anderson, S., C. Carati, and N. Piller.
Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
as a Treatment for Post-mastectomy Lymhoedema.
Lymphoedema (LO) occurs in 6% to 36% of those undergoing surgery /radiotherapy
for breast cancer. Low Level Laser therapy (laser therapy) has used
to treat LO sufferers in Australia, with considerable success. To determine
the efficacy of treating LO with laser therapy we recently embarked
on a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of
laser therapy to the axilla region. The laser therapy unit used emits
a pulsed 904nm beam with an average output of 5 mW. The dosage applied
was 1.53 J/cm2, with a total of 5.1 Joules being delivered over the
whole treatment area. Objective measures were as follows. Perometry
(volume and circumference changes), tonometry (changes in tissue fibrosis),
range of movement and bioimpedance (measures extra-cellular fluid (ECF)
levels) were assessed at regular intervals during treatment or placebo.
Patients were asked to report on their "quality of life" and
ability to perform activities of daily life. They were also asked to
rate their symptoms on a ten-point scale. Results: Initial results show
that 6 weeks of laser therapy reduced volume in the both the affected
and unaffected arm, when applied to the axilla of the affected arm.
The mean reduction in volume was 108ml (p > 0.05) in the affected
arm and 40ml (not statistically significant) in the unaffected arm.
ECF was also significantly reduced in the affected arm (p < 0.01),
the unaffected arm (p < 0.01) and the trunk (p < 0.05). These
changes were not seen in the placebo group. Other objective measures
were not significantly altered. Twenty five percent of participants
in the active group achieved a reduction in their summated subjective
scores, compared with 10% in the placebo group. Conclusion: Initial
results indicate that LO sufferers are achieving a reduction in volume
and ECF levels of both the treated and untreated limbs following laser
therapy.
Gabel, C.P. Why LLLT (Laser Therapy) is a Valid
Immediate Treatment Tool for Sports injuries.
Laser therapy for acute sports injuries is rationalised using the RICE
and HARM models utilised in Sports Medicine injury management. By understanding
how laser therapy modes of bio-activation relate to these principles
the rationale for laser therapy in the arsenal for acute sports injury
management is better comprehended. Laser therapy affects living tissue
locally at the site and time of irradiation, predominately through 10
pathways that include:
1. Effects on locally generated ATP through the respiratory chain of
the mitochondria.
2. Polarisation on the eurcaryotic cells membrane lipid bi-layer.
3. Influencing effects of the formation of singlet oxygen that neutralises
free radical action.
4. The wave effect of light that is addition to the quantum article
effect.
5. The reduction in afferent pain transmission.
6. The systemic influence on pain via endogenous opioid formation.
7. Determination of the axoplasmic flow within the neurons.
8. Facilitation of lymphatic flow
9. Influences on permeability of fascial layers inducing the passage
of debris and haematoma from the injury site.
10. Systemic effects by changes and modulation of cells and plasma within
circulating blood.
Laser is non-thermal, will not increase effusion from blood flow and
assists lymphatic drainage. Damaged tissue, with its reduced capacity
to produce ATP for normal function and self repair as well as its reduced
neural circulation, is facilitated by the bio-activation from laser
therapy that stimulates repair to the normal maximal level and consequently
at a rate that is generally faster and less painful than that found
in untreated tissues.
Nicolau, R. Effect of low ower laser Ga-Al-As
(660nm) in the bone stimulation remodulation in mice.
An in vivo controlled study using rat femurs with a specific 10j/cm2
dose at 660nm on 4 occasions over 8 days. The study demonstrated the
effects of laser therapy in latently promoting bone remodulation with
increased volume at Day 5, increased osteoblast surface at Day 15 and
overall improved remodulation at injury sites without changes in bone
architecture through increased resorption and formation of bone with
higher apposition rates in the treated group by day 25. The work was
designated to be significant as it concretely proved the stimulatory
effect of laser therapy on bone and opens the way for further research
at different wavelengths and doses with leads to positive interventions
in the clinical human situation. It is postulated that for humans the
wavelength would need to be infrared, higher dose and close to the site
of injury. This indicates that at present only superficial bones would
be suitable such as tibial and fibula surfaces, meta carpals and tarsals
and possibly the scapula, the implant devices are considered a future
option for deeper structures.
Yokoyama, K. and K. Sugiyama. Influence of linearly
polarised near-infrared irradiation around unilateral stellate ganglion
on cerebral blood flow: An analysis using transcranial spectroscopy.
The Japanese pilot study investigated the in-vivo effect of laser therapy
radiation to the stellate ganglion of humans with chronic pain and controls
and specifically the alterations in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (RCBF).
These changes were measures using SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed
Tomography) following IV injection of the Tracer Tc-99m ECD then detection
using a triple head rotating gamma camera with fan-beam high resolution
collimators. The study demonstrated that laser therapy to the Stellate
ganglion using an incident output of 1 watt (ie 1 Joule) on a cycle
of 1 sec on to 4 sec off was able to produce a broad and significant
increase in the circulation of the RCBF. The proposed action is via
changes to the thalamic blood flow, which in turn influences the RCGF
and consequentially reduces pain levels. This provides an alternative
systemic pathway for chronic pain modulation using laser therapy to
that previously demonstrated and proposed by Laakso of who demonstrated
systemic effects by significant production of endogenous opiates following
laser therapy to Trigger points.
Meersman, P. The battle of Laser Therapy against
medication in musculoskeletal disorders: collaboration, alliance or
enemy.
Sports Physician Paul Meersman hypothesised the positive and negative
interactions between laser therapy and pharmaceuticals terming the latter
as laser therapy acceptors or non acceptors. His paper and pilot research
work on Achilles tendinopathy management demonstrated that various chemicals
commonly used will interfere positively or negatively with laser therapy
and would be a logical explanation for the intermittent and often varied
results. The biostimulatory action of laser therapy is countered by
the presence of NSAIDS and Steroids that are non acceptors of laser
therapy, as the latter block the membrane channels and antennae pigment
receptors that laser therapy relies upon. The degree of reduction and
total effect is variable and determined by blood levels of the chemical
and individual cell receptability. Similar actions on the cell membrane
and the receptor site and bonds are caused by Beta blockers, Calcium
Channel antagonists and several of the cardiac and neurological medications.
These effects have till now not often been considered in research work
and is more significant when a meta-analysis of the literature is made
and such medications is factored in. In this case many of the ‘negative
studies’ on laser therapy are found to not have screened and excluded
for the potential of pharmaceutical counter effects. In contrast specific
chemicals are found to be positive agents for laser therapy that will
increase the biostimulative effect by preparing the cell receptors and
membrane to be capable of a maximal effect. This facilitatory action
of laser therapy acceptors is demonstrated by Plenosol, that is photoreceptive
at 660 nm, whilst Ubiquinon Ferrum and Copper based local substances
that can be subcutaneously infused are 810nm and 904nm receptive. Clinically,
the total effect is that of a two-stage process that uses a combination
of local injection or cutaneously absorbed substances that can be administered
or applied then irradiated with the specific wavelength. It is also
demonstrated that the use of Procaine as the local anaesthetic of choice
facilitates the passage of specific photo acceptor substances into the
affected tissue effectively acting as a ‘taxi’ whilst serving
its primary purpose of local anaesthetic management. The conclusion
is that, where possible, medication should be excluded or included if
the maximal effect of laser therapy is to be achieved. Where research
is initiated to determine the effect of laser therapy, the presence
of such chemicals must be considered then noted and factored into the
statistical analysis.
Amat, A. Energy Light interaction with molecules
with high energy bond.
This presented paper has furthered the theoretical model of the interaction
of laser therapy with high energy terminal bonds that improves the understanding
of wavelength specificity and ATP bio-disposability. ATP molecules were
investigated at different molarities with Luciferin-luciferase reaction
before and after exposure to different light sources and wavelengths.
The results demonstrated a strong difference between controls and irradiated
ATP, particularly those at the near and infrared range (830nm and 904nm).
Samoiliva, K. Systemic mechanisma of anti-inflammatory,
immunomodulating, and wound healing effects of visible and infrared
light.
Kira Samoilova produced a paper on the systemic effects of laser therapy
on the blood. This paper was a combined in-vivo and in-vitro study that
examined the systemic effects of blood that was irradiated subcutaneously
or in-vitro then reintroduced to the donor at a ratio of 1:10. The research
was conducted following further investigations into the known and accepted
treatment effect of neonatal haemolytic blood diseases with visible
light that influences the blood makeup through action on the superficial
skin micro-vessels. The overall result was that the irradiated blood
was able to influence the total blood makeup within the body within
a time from of 90 minutes though continuation in changes continued at
a slower rate for up to 24 hours. The dose used was 12J/cm2 at 400-2000
nm, 95% polarisation over 15 cm2 area of the back, or in-vitro at the
same dose and reintroduction of the autologous sample at a 1:10 volume
ratio. This was performed to compare and verify the proposed model that
the transcutaneous irradiated blood mixes within the vascular bed with
the main circulating volume. The results are summarised as an immediate
effect on blood changes due to transcutaneous photo-modification with
a fast (30-90minute) translation of light-induced changes to the whole
circulating volume. These changes were measured through blood samples
at the feet region and were found that with time and regular sampling
a specific minute intervals a tracing was shown that demonstrated changes
in the cells and plasma of the entire circulating blood. These changes
included the increased functional activity of monocytes, granulocytes,
lymphocytes, platelets; also improved rheologic, transport and gas-transport
properties of erythrocytes; as well as changed lipid peroxidation levels
in the erythrocyte membrane and plasma; also modified haemostasis. There
are also corresponding decreases in the plasma content of pro-inflammatory
cytokines and increased levels of anti-inflammatory Il10 and IFN-g;
modulated growth content factors and increased growth-promoting plasma
properties for keratinocytes, endotheliocytes, fiobroblasts and radiation-damaged
autologous cells. The changes were demonstrated to be inversely proportional
to the initial measurement levels of these substances consequently indicating
the regulatory character of the light.
[8] From Norway Jan Bjordal presented papers on the optimal laser therapy
dose for the management of osteoarthritis as determined through a meta-analysis
of the literature of randomised placebo-controlled trials using laser
therapy to treat pain from osteoarthritis. 88 trials were identified,
reduced to 20 being specific to patients with osteoarthritis and chronic
joint disease. Five were eliminated for not irradiating the joint capsule
and 2 positive trials were also eliminated for not providing sufficient
presentation data and using repeated laser irradiation. Of the 13 remaining,
5 reported non-significant results and all were demonstrated to have
used treatment parameters outside the predetermined supposed optimal
dose range. The 8 trials using treatment parameters with-in the predefined
dose range has noticeably higher results. Total patients from data pooling
was 398 pooled mean weighted difference of 42.9% (range 23-62). Unblinded
follow-up suggested pain reduction for more than 1 month. In summary,
location specific treatment with laser therapy appears to be effective
in reducing pain from mild osteoarthritis.
Bjordal, J., et al. Low Level Laser Therapy for
osteoarthritis. A Meta-analysis with assessment of optimal dose.
In a similar such meta-analysis study investigating the effect of laser
therapy in the treatment and management of Tendinopathy, laser therapy
was shown to have a 32% effect.
Bjordal, J., J. Demmink, and A.E. Ljunggren. Distance
from skin surface and tendon thickness for the most common tendinopathies.
An ultrasonography study.
A final paper presented by Bjordal considered tendon depth for penetration
and subsequent laser therapy dose. The supraspinatus was found to be
9.6mm deep with variation being increased depth with increased body
mass-index, to be up to 19mm in overweight white-collar workers. The
hand behind back position reduced depth by an average of 1.1mm and is
recommended. Depths and thickness summary were:
| Tendon |
Depth |
Mean Thickness |
| Supraspinatus |
9.6 mm |
6.6 mm |
| Common extensors forearm |
12 mm |
1.5 mm |
| Achilles |
1.6 mm |
5.5mm |
| Patella tendon |
3.1 mm |
5.8 mm |
Men had significantly larger tendons but differences were small (0.3
mm). Thickness variation was large, particularly the Patella ranging
from 4.2 to 7.9 mm. Individual differences never exceeded =/- 15% in
healthy tendons so that side comparison tendon thickness may be a reliable
diagnostic marker in unilateral tendinopathies.
Longo, L., M. Marchi, and M. Postiglione.
Comparison among three different types of lasers for fibromyositis treatment.
From Leonardo Longo, Italy the determination of the preferred wavelength
for the management of fibromyositis. The use of laser therapy for the
treatment of fibromyositis and sports traumatology. The laser therapy
units compared were 904nm, 810nm and CO2 laser by means of alternating
treatment using a minimum treatment of 2-3 cycles from 10-15 sessions
per cycle using the 3 different lasers in each individual cycle .The
patients were followed over a 5 year period. Statistical analysis of
results from a satisfaction survey of patient evaluation of treatment
effectiveness on a 4 point Scale from No result to Poor, Good and Best
demonstrate that the 810 nm laser diode provides the best result.
The most promising areas at the moment seem to be wound healing, nerve
regeneration and pain control for musculoskeletal disorders like tendinopathy
and joint disorders, and lymphatic disorders. In all these areas scientific
evidence of the beneficial effects of Laser Therapy is growing, and
they have in some cases reached an evidence level that equals that of
traditional medical therapies. Jeffrey Basford from the Mayo Clinic,
USA also pointed it out that the task of providing evidence for effectiveness
for laser therapy and other physical agents is probably more difficult
than for drugs, due to the many variables involved. David Baxter from
the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland argued that advanced systematic
reviews which also address dose and penetration parameters, might enhance
our understanding and help to optimise effects from laser therapy. Paul
Bradley of Nova Southeastern University, USA, even suggested that the
future might bring possibilities for adjusting dose both to stimulate
or inhibit (like situations with excessive scar formation) fibroblast
cell activity according to the goals we set for treatments.
At the WALT General Assembly the following board was elected for the
next two years: President prof. Kazou Hanaoka, Japan; Secretary General
prof. Junichiro Kubota, Japan, Treasurer Dr. Paul Meersman, Belgium;
Membership Secretary Dr. Jan Tunér, Sweden. Prof. Chukuka Enwemeka,
USA, will continue as editor-in-chief of the journal Laser Therapy.
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INTRODUCTION
The scientific method is a tool used in order to progress using the
new discoveries to make new ones. Therefore to be able to progress in
science it's necessary:
- la creació d'unes bases
- la evolución a partir de las mismas
- création des nouveaux paradigmes
- Öffnung der neues Forschungen spurs
- E si non si parla la stessa lingua
Probably, what's happened to you after reading these lines is the same
that happens when going through the published data on the laser field.
To begin a new research study, some previous data gathering has to
be done, in order to have adequate bases to start from. This data should
be obtained through literature research. We've gone through more than
150 papers in search of conclusive data to develop new treating parameters
for skeletal muscle injury. We were especially concerned, among the
different parameters, on the frequencies used. Of those papers, only
35 reported the used frequency, but just 25 of them specified all the
parameters (fluence, radiance, spot, etc) and just 6 were done in vitro.
In order to make the most of the gathered information, we built charts
of each wavelength and the different frequencies used depending on the
pretended effect (table 1, 2 and 3).
DATA ANALISYS
Focusing just on the 904 nm wavelength (table 3), we've noticed:
- That most of the articles were previous to 1990 (a big fall not understandable
when considering that up to 84% of the reviewed papers showed positive
effects) with a big increase on papers dealing with the 820 nm.
- From the 26 papers found dealing with 904 nm, we've identified 29
different frequencies (no related among themselves, that is, not based
on previous studies).
- From that table we can conclude that, to get an analgesic effect we
need a frequency in the range from 4 Hz to 5120 Hz (that means any frequency
is supposed to be useful).
- The same happens with the trophic effect, any frequency from 5 Hz
to 10000 Hz is supposed to be equally effective.
- If we are to compare other parameters (power density, energy density,
etc.) we will get to the same point: it's impossible to make any sense
out of it.
ERGO: it's impossible to extract any conclusions as a starting point
to start new researches in order to find more suitable working parameters.
JUSTIFYING PARAMETERS
- The fact that the different authors don't justify the used parameters,
plus the great variety among them, makes us think there's been no previous
research on parameters to work with.
- Probably those parameters depended on the technical possibilities
of their equipment. In fact, two authors stated that the frequency they
used were those recommended by the laser company supplier.
DISCUSSION
After all the discussed problems, there is a question that comes easily
to the mind: Is the frequency an important parameter to take into account
when dealing with a laser or it simply has no outstanding effect?
In the laser field we are still trying to prove that the laser works,
when we should be already trying to find the best-suited parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
- It's impossible to compare the effects of different parameters (power
density, energy density, frequency, etc.).
- Used parameters have to be based on previous bibliography.
- Information should be standardisedly given.
- Different research groups should work with similar conditions.
- There's still a big gap in the basic research field, that's why it's
time to get to speak the same language.
REFERENCES
Bolton P, Young S, Dyson M. Macrophage Responsiveness to Light Therapy
with Varying Power and Energy Densities. Laser Therapy. 1991; 3: 105-108
Lucas C. Efficacy of Low Level Laser Treatment in the Management of
Chronic Wounds. PrintPartners Ipskamp, Amsterdam-Enschede. ISBN: 90-9015244-X
Chelyshev Y, Kubitsky A. Effect of Infra-red Low-power Laser Irradiation
on Regeneration of Myelinated Axons. Lasers Med Scie 1995, 10: 273-277
El Sayed S.O. Effect of Laser Pulse Repetition Rate and Pulse Duration
on Mast Cell Number and Degranulation. Lasers Surg. Med. 1996; 19: 433-437
Karu T. The Science of Lower-Power Laser Therapy. Gordon and Breach
Science Publishers. Amsterdam, 1998.
Karu T, et al. Thiol reactive Agents Eliminate Stimulation of Cell Attachment
to Extracellular Matrices Induced by Irradiation at =820 nm: possible
involvement of cellular Redox Status Into Low Laser Affects. Laser Therapy;
1999; 11(4):177-187
Kapinosov IK, et al. Reaction of Lymphoid Organs to Laser Radiation
with Different Pulsation Rates. Proc. Optical Diagnostitcs of Living
Cells and Fluids. SPIE 1996; 2678: 530-533
Kucerová H, et al. Modulatory Frequency of Laser in Connection
to Laser Beam Therapeutic Effect. SPIE 1998; 3248: 0277-786
Lam TS, Abergel RP, Castel JC, Dwyer RM, Uitto J. Biostimulation of
Collagen Synthesis in Human Skin Fibroblast Cultures. Lasers Life Sci
1987; 1: 61-77
Lievens P.C. Laser-thérapie: Théorie et Applications Practiques.
Editions Frison-Roche Paris. 1989
Longo L, Evangelista S, Tinacci G, Sesti AG. Effect of Diodes-Laser
Silver Arsenide-Aluminium (Ga-Al-As) 904 nm on Heling of Experimental
Wounds. Lasers Surg Med 1987; 7: 444-447
Lowe AS, Walker MD, O'Byrne M, Baxter GD, Hirst DG. Effect of Low Intensity
Monochromatic Light Therapy (890 nm) on a Radiation Impaired, Wound-Healing
Model in Murine Skin. Lasers Surg Med 1998; 23 : 291-298.
Meersman P. Laser Pharmacology and Achilles Tendinopathy. Laser Therapy.
1999; 11(3):144-150.
Nisan M (Nisselevitch), Rochkind S. Nerve Testing Models: Instrumentation
and Techniques for investigation of the Influence of Low Incident Levels
of Laser Irradiation on the Peripheral Nerve. Laser Therapy, 1995; 7:
169-174
Pöntinen P. Low Level Laser Therapy as a Medical Treatment Modality
A Manual for Physicians, Dentists, Physiotherapists and Veterinary Surgeons.
Art Urpo Ltd. Tampere 1992
Santiesteban J.M., Avila I., Vélez, M. Terapia láser en
la sutura quirúrgica de nervios periféricos. Bol. CDL
1988; 17
Shiroto C, Sugawara K, Kumae T, Ono Y, Sasaki M, Oshiro T. Effect of
Diode Laser Radiation in Vitro on Activity of Human Neutrophils. Laser
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Med Surg; 1999; 17(1): 29-33
Frequencies used in various
studies
| 820 nm |
Author |
Year |
Model |
Function |
Results |
| 2.5 |
Salah O. El Sayed |
1996 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 4.5 |
Karu |
1998 |
In
vitro |
Chemolumin. |
Positive |
| 10 |
Karu |
1999 |
In vitro |
Cell adhesive/trophic |
Positive |
| 20 |
Salah O. El Sayed |
1996 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 16 |
Walsh |
1992 |
Animal |
Nerve. Conduction |
Negative |
| Baxter |
1992 |
Human |
Antialgic |
Positive |
| 73 |
Walsh |
1992 |
Animal |
Nerve. conduction |
Negative |
| 292 |
Salah O. El Sayed |
1996 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 5000 |
Walsh |
1992 |
Animal |
Nerve.
Conduction |
Positive |
| Bolton |
1991 |
Fibroblast |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 20000 |
Salah O. El Sayed |
1996 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 890
nm |
Author |
Year |
Model |
Function |
Results |
| 270 |
Lowe |
1998 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Negative |
| 666 |
Zharov |
1987 |
In vitro/ E. Coli |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 3000 |
Yu, Chelyshev |
1995 |
Animal nerve |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 3200 |
Yu, Chelyshev |
1995 |
Animal nerve |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 3480 |
Zharov |
1987 |
In vitro/bacteria |
Trophic (-)/Inhib(+) |
Dose dependent |
| 904
nm |
Author |
Year |
Model |
Function |
Results |
| 4 |
Ponnudari |
1987 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Positive |
| 5 |
Kucerová |
1998 |
Animal |
Trophic (inmunosup) |
Negative |
| 10 |
Tam |
1999 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Positive |
| 60 |
Ponnudari |
1987 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Positive |
| 67 |
Karu |
1998 |
In vitro |
Ascorbic acid absorption |
Positive |
| Labbe |
1991 |
In vitro |
Ascorbic acid consumption |
Positive |
| 73 |
Lundeberg |
1987 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Negative |
| Lam |
1987 |
Human fibroblast |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 80 |
Kapinosov |
1996 |
Animal |
Stimulator |
Positive |
| 100 |
Lievens |
1989 |
Human |
Stimulator |
Positive |
| 200 |
Ponnudari |
1987 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Negative |
| 250 |
Jensen |
1987 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Negative effect |
| 292 |
Kucerová |
1998 |
Animal |
Trophic (inmunosup) |
Poor |
| 500 |
Lievens |
1989 |
Human |
Stimulator |
Positive |
| 700 |
Dyson |
1985/6 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 800 |
Kokino |
1985 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| Dyson |
1985/6 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 830 |
Lucas |
2000 |
Human |
Trophic |
Negative |
| 900 |
Nissan, Rochkind |
1995 |
Animal nerve |
Trophic |
Poor |
| 1000 |
Willner |
1985 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Positive |
| Lievens |
1989 |
Human |
Phisic |
Positive |
| 1024 |
Shiroto |
1989 |
Human blood |
Stimulation of phagocytes |
Poor |
| 1200 |
Dyson |
1985/6 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Negative |
| 1500 |
Longo |
1987 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| Willner |
1985/7 |
Human |
Antialgic |
Positive |
| Kapinosov |
1996 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 2500 |
Molina Soto/Molero |
1987 |
Human |
Antinflammatory |
Positive |
| 3000 |
Longo |
1987 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Negative |
| Kapinosov |
1996 |
Animal |
Inhibitive |
Positive |
| 3040 |
Mezawa |
1988 |
Animal |
Analgesic |
Positive |
| 4000 |
England |
1989 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Positive |
| 4500 |
Nissanl |
1995 |
Animal nerve |
Trophic |
Poor |
| 5000 |
Vélez |
1988 |
Animal nerv |
Trophic |
Positive |
| Molina Soto/Molero |
1987 |
Human |
Antinflammatory |
Positive |
| Lievens |
1989 |
Human |
Deep stimu-lation,lymphatic |
Positive |
| 5120 |
Tam |
1999 |
Human |
Analgesic |
Positive |
| 9000 |
Kucerová |
1998 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| 10000 |
Houghton |
1999 |
Animal |
Trophic |
Positive |
| Meersman |
1999 |
Human |
Antialgic |
Positive |
| Lievens |
1989 |
Human |
Deep stimula-tion, lymphatic |
Positive |
|
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